Tenses
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TENSES
There are three types of tenses:
1-Present tense
2-Past tense
3-Future tense
1-Present tense:
Any situation, action, or thing currently happening.
E.g:- is eating, she goes, we play, etc.
The present tense is further divided into 4 parts,
a-present indefinite
b-present continuous
c-present perfect
c-present perfect continuous.
A-Present Indefinite:
To form Present indefinite or simple, we will take an unchanged infinitive of the verb for all persons, and add -s or -es ending for third person singular:
I + verb
you + verb
we + verb
they + verb
he/she/it + verb + s + es
Examples :
I read many books.
Use of Present Simple:
Present Simple is used to describing the following things:
facts and general truths
habits and repeated actions
permanent situations
Examples :
The water in the ocean is salty. (facts and general truths)
They walk daily.
I usually wake up at 8.
(habits and repeated actions)
He works at a hospital. (permanent situations)
Formulas of Present Indefinite:
Affirmative:
Subject (singular)+ V 1st + s, es + object.
Sub (plural, I, you)+ V 1st + object.
Example:
1-The sun rises at 6 o'clock.
2-I read Holy Quran daily.
Negative:
Subject (singular)+ does + not +V 1st + object.
Sub (plural, I, you)+do not+ V 1st + object.
Example:
1- The cow does not give milk.
2-She prays five times a day.
Interrogative:
Does +Subject (singular)+ V 1st + object?
Do + Sub (plural, I, you)+ V 1st + object?
Example:
1-Do the policemen catch the thief?
2-Does Saeed go to school in this car?
Negative Interrogative:
Does +Subject (singular)+ not+V 1st + object?
Do + Sub (plural, I, you)+ not+ V 1st + object?
Example:
1-Does she not speak the truth?
2-Do they do not receive the guest?
Large Interrogative:
What, where, when, why, which........does+Subject (singular)+ V 1st + object?
What, where, when, why, which........
do + Sub (plural, I, you)+ V 1st + object?
Example:
1- What do you want from me?
2- Why does he not study well for the exams?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
The present continuous tense is used to describe actions that are currently or repeatedly
happening, or will be happening shortly.
Example:
1- I am playing.
2-The cows are sitting.
3- Dogs are barking at them.
- 4-I'm just leaving work.
- At 7 am we are usually having breakfast.
- These days most people are using email instead of writing letters.
- The babies are growing up quickly.
- It's usually raining in July and August in Pakistan.
Formulas of present continuous:
Affirmative:
Subject+ is, are, am + V 1st form+ ing + object.
Example:
1-He is ringing the bell now.
2-I am doing my duty.
Negative:
Subject + is, are, am+ not+ V 1st form + ing + object.
Example :
1-He is not swimming in the pool.
2-They are not going home today.
Interrogative:
Is, are, am +subject+ V 1st form + ing + object?
Examples:
1-Are they running on the road?
2- Am I looking sleepy?
Negative Interrogative:
Is, are, am +subject+ not+V 1st form + ing + object?
Examples:
1-Am I not taking the examination.
2-Is it not raining outside.
Large Interrogative:
What, where, when, why, who, how, which......+ is, are, am+ V 1st form+ ing + object.
Examples:
1-What is the radio playing?
2-Why dogs are barking at them?
PRESENT PERFECT:
Usually, we use Present Perfect to describe the following:
• something that happened recently and impacts the present situation
• our experience up to the present
• something that started in the past and continues in the present
Examples :
We can't get into the class, we've lost the keys. (something that happened recently and impacts the present situation)
I've practiced teaching ever since I was a teenager. (our experience up to the present)
He has lived in the UK all his life. (something that started in the past and continues in the present)
Formulas of Present Perfect:
We use the following structure to form Present Perfect:
Affirmative:-
•Subject (I, you, or any plural) + have + Past Participle (3rd form of the verb)+object.
E g:-Saeed and Rakeen have written three articles in the newspaper.
•Subject (singular) +has +past participle (3rd form of the verb)+object.
E.g:- Minhaj has passed his grade 7 with flying colors.
Negative:-
•Subject (I, you, or any plural) + have +not + Past Participle (3rd form of the verb)+object.
E.g:- Irtiza and Mustafa have not written three articles in the newspaper.
•Subject (singular) +has +not +past participle (3rd form of the verb)+object.
E.g:- Shabia has not yet passed grade 11.
Interrogative:-
•Have subject (I, you, or any plural) + Past Participle (3rd form of the verb)+object?.
E.g:- Have you gone to the farmhouse?
•Has + subject (singular) +past participle (3rd form of a verb)+object?.
E.g:- Has Abdul Wasay selected the team?
Negative Interrogative:-
•Have +subject (I, you or any plural) + not + Past Participle (3rd form of a verb)+object?.
E.g:- Have you not gone to the farmhouse?
•Has + subject (singular)+ not +past participle (3rd form of a verb)+object?.
E.g:- Has Abdul Wasay not been selected for the team?
Large Interrogative:-
•What, where, when, why, which,.......have + subject (I, you or any plural) + Past Participle (3rd form of a verb)+object?.
E.g:-What have Abdul Qayyum and Zeenat brought for dinner?
•What, where, when, why, which...........has + subject (singular) +past participle (3rd form of a verb)+object?.
E.g:- Why has Aiza gone to her friends' house so early?
Examples :
I've played that game
before.
We often use the words never and ever with Present Perfect.
Examples :
I have never eaten these berries before.
Prayers are the best gift she has ever received.
Exercise:-
1-I __________ this book before.
a-read
b-am read
c-have read
2-She __________ such a beautiful garden.
a-seen
b-have seen
c-has seen
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
Usually, we use Present perfect continuous to describe the following:
• something that started in the past continues in the present.
Formation of present perfect continuous:
We use the following structure to form a present perfect continuous:
Affirmative:-
Subject (singular) + has been+verb (1st form)+ing + since/for.
Subject (I, you or with any plural noun or the pronoun) +have been + verb (Isn't form) +ing+since/for.
Subject (singular) + has+not + been+verb (1st form)+ing + since/for.
Subject (I, you, or any plural noun or pronoun) +have + not + been + verb (Isn't form) +ing+since/for.
Interrogative:-
Has +Subject (singular) + been+verb (1st form)+ing + since/for?.
Have + Subject (I, you, or with any plural noun or pronoun) + been + verb (Isn't fora m) +ing+since/for?.
Negative Interrogative:-
Has +Subject (singular)+not + been+verb (1 st form)+ing + since/for?.
Have + Subject (I, you or with any plural noun or pronoun) + not +been + verb (Isn't form) +ing+since/for?.
Large Interrogative:-
What, where, when, why, which...........has +Subject (singular) + been+verb (1st form)+ing + since/for?.
What, where, when, which, why,.......have + Subject (I, you or with any plural noun or pronoun) + been + verb (Isn't form) +ing+since/for?.
In this tense, immediately after the verb we use "since" for the point of time,
e.g morning, evening, 2 o'clock,2005, etc.
We use "for" for the period,
e.g an hour, two days,5 years, etc.
Examples:
1-She has been sleeping since sunset.
2- Horses have been running for two hours.
Exercise:
1-They __________ swimming in this tank _______9 o'clock.
a-has been, for
b-have has been, for
c-have been, since
2-The baby __________crying _______ an hour.
a-have, for
b-has have been, since
c-has been, for
2-PAST TENSE
• The simple past tense is used to talk about things that have already happened.
• Simple past is also used to talk about a past state of being, like the way someone felt about something.
• Oftenly it is expressed with the simple past tense of the verb to be and an adjective, noun, or prepositional phrase.
E.g:- Ali was proud of his amazing victory.
Past tense is of four types:
a- Past indefinite
b- Past continuous
c- Past perfect
d- Past perfect continuous
A- Past Indefinite:
Past Indefinite is used to describe the following:
• For any action which is performed all alone in the past.
E.g:- She went to Mecca.
• For any habit or routine of the past.
E.g:- We worked very hard for a few days before the examination.
How to formulate past Indefinite:
Affirmative:
Subject +verb (2nd form) + object.
E g:- He went to the market.
Negative:
Subject + did not + verb (first form) + object.
E.g:- He did not go to the market.
Interrogative:
Did + subject + verb (1st form) + object ?.
Did he go to the market?.
Negative Interrogative:
Did+ subject + not + verb (1st form) + object ?.
E g:- Did he not go to the market?.
Large Interrogative:
What, where, when, why, which....... + interrogative sequence.
E.g:- When did he go to the market?
Exercise:
1- How ______ they reach the mountain.
a- do
b- does
c- did
d-was
2- She did not _______ the meal.
a- ate
b- eats
c- eaten
d-eat.
Past continuous:-
Affirmative:-
Subject (Singular)+ was+ verb (Ist form) +ing+ object.
e.g: She was drawing a map of Pakistan.
Subject (Plural) + were+ verb (Ist form) +ing + object.
e.g:They were praising my handwriting.
Negative:-
Subject (Singular)+ was + not + verb (Ist form) +ing+ object.
e.g:She was not drawing the map of Pakistan.
Subject (Plural) + were+ not + verb (Ist form) +ing + object.
e.g:They were not praising my handwriting.
Interrogative:-
Was + subject (Singular)+ verb (Ist form) +ing+ object?.
e.g: Was she drawing the map of Pakistan?
Were + subject (Plural) + verb (Ist form) +ing + object?
e.g: Were they praising my handwriting?
Negative Interrogative:-
Was + subject (Singular)+ not +verb (Ist form) +ing+ object?.
e.g: Was she not drawing the map of Pakistan?
Were + subject (Plural) +not + verb (Ist form) +ing + object?
e.g: Were they not praising my handwriting?
Large Interrogative:-
What, where, when, why, which.........was + subject (Singular)+ verb (Ist form) +ing+ object?.
e.g: How was she drawing the map of Pakistan?
What, where, why, when, who............were+ subject (Plural) + verb (Ist form) +ing + object?
e.g: Why were they praising my handwriting?
Past perfect:-
When two things happened in the past and we need to show which one happened first, we use Past Perfect. In these sentences usually, the first sentence is in past indefinite while the second one is
Past perfect.
General sequence:
Subject + had + Past Participle (3rd form).
Subject+hadn't+ Past participle (3rd form)
Examples:-
1-When I woke up in the morning, my sister had already gone to school.
2-She failed exams because she hadn't prepared for the exams.
Formulas of Past Perfect:
Affirmative:
Subject+ had+ 3rd form of the verb
Example:
He had already gone to the airport.
Negative:
Subject +had+not +past participle (3rd form)
e.g: He had not already gone to the airport.
Interrogative:
Had+ subject +past participle
e.g: Had he already gone to the airport?
Negative Interrogative:
Had+subject+not + past participle
e.g: Had he already not gone to the airport?
Large Interrogative:
What, where, when, why, which, how..........had+subject+past participle
e.g:Why had he already gone to the airport?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
In case we want to explain some process or situation that happened earlier than some occasion in the past, we can use Past Perfect Continuous.
Note:
We use "since" for the point of time and "for" for the period.
e.g: since 2 o'clock
For two hours.
FORMULAS OF PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS:
Affirmative:
Subject+ had been +verb (Ist form)+ ing + object +since/for
e.g: Saeed had been preparing for exams since morning.
Negative:
Subject+ had+ not+ been+1st form +ing+object +since/for
e.g: For Fatima had not been crying for an hour.
Interrogative:
Had+ subject+been+ 1st form+ ing+ object+since/for
e.g: Had Rakeen and Sabeeh been playing football since 2021?
Negative Interrogative:
Had+ subject +not+been+ 1st form+ing+since/for
e.g: Had Hamza not been studying at the university for four years?
Large Interrogative:
What, where, when, why, which, how.......had+ subject+been+ 1st form+ ing+ since/for
e.g: Where had you been missing since Monday?
FUTURE TENSE
Like other tenses future tense is also of four types:
- Future Indefinite
- Future continuous
- Future perfect
- Future perfect continuous
Future Indefinite:
This tense is used to express an action that has not taken place yet and will take place in the future.
E.g:
- Will he mend his car on Monday?
- Rainy season will come soon.
- Will he live in this cottage?
Formulas of future indefinite:
Affirmative:
Sub (nouns,pronouns) + will + Verb (1st form) +object.
Sub (I, we) + shall +Verb (1st form) + object.
E.g : He will see you on Thursday.
I shall eat this watermelon.
Note:
Will and shall are modal verbs. They are used with the infintives (They will go; I shall ask her). Shall is only used for future time reference with I and we, "will" is frequently used with nouns and pronouns while "shall" is more formal than will.
Negative:
Sub + will not +Verb (1st form) +object.
Sub (I, we) + shall not +Verb (1st form) + object.
E.g: Ambreen will not go to picnic.
We shall not do bad things anymore.
Note:
Short form of will not is "won't" and shall not is "shan't".
Interrogative:
Will + sub + Verb (1st form) + object?
Shall + sub (I, we ) + Verb (1st form) + object?
E.g: Will they see him an invitation card?
Shall I buy some fruits from the fruit seller?
Negative Interrogative:
Will + sub + not + Verb (1st form) +object?
Shall + sub (I, we) +not +Verb (1st form) + object?
E.g: Will he not give his book to him?
Shall I not put these pancakes in the tray?.
Large interrogative:
What, where , why, when , how......... sub +will/shall +Verb (1st form) +object?
E.g: Why will she go to school despite of holiday?
When shall we decide finally about Pakistan your?
FUTURE CONTINUOUS:
The future continuous tense
is a verb tense that indicates that something will occur in the future and continue for an expected length of time.
The formula for the future continuous tense is:
Subject +will + be + present participle (Ist form of verb+ing) +object.
Examples:
1-I will be debuting in the competition.
2- We shall be participating in the competition.
Formulas of Future Continuous:
Affirmative:
Subject + will/shall + be + root verb + ing +object.
E.g. They will be preparing for the exams soon.
Negative:
Subject + will/shall+ not + be + root verb + ing +object.
E.g. It will not be raining tomorrow.
Interrogative:
Will/shall + subject + be + main verb+ ing+ object?
E.g. Shall I be converting the documents from pdf to word?
Negative Interrogative:
Will/shall + subject + not + be + Verb (1st form) + ing + object?
E.g. Will she not be submitting her assignment today?
Large Interrogative:
What, where, when, why, which, who.........will/shall + sub + be 1st form + ing + object?
E.g. When will he be putting these papers in sequence?
FUTURE PERFECT:
The Future Perfect verb tense is used to talk about
actions or events that will be completed before some point or a time of reference
in the future.
This
is how we form it:
Subject + will have + Past Participle (3rd form
of verb) +……
Examples
:
(a)
By that time, I will have finished my assignment.
(b)
I hope that they will have graduated in
two years from now.
(c)
By the time the children wake up, I will
have prepared the breakfast.
Formulas of future perfect:
Affirmative:
Subject + will have + past participle (3rd
form) +….
E.g. He will have done this project by this evening.
Negative:
Subject + will + not + have + past participle
+……
E.g. She will not have started business yet.
Interrogative:
Will + subject + have + past participle
(3rd form) +….
E.g. Will we have arrived in Makkah by the next week?
Negative Interrogative:
Will + subject + have + not + past participle
+…..
E.g. Will they have not sent an e-mail until tomorrow?
Large Interrogative:
What, where, why , when which, …… will +
subject + have + past participle (3rd form) +……..
E.g. Why will the class have started by 30 minutes?
This tense is used to explain
future actions having a continued nature. Such actions are supposed to occur
in future and to continue for some (more or less specific) time in future. Therefore,
a time reference is given in the sentence to show when will the action start to
continue in future or for how long the action will continue in future. This
time reference distinguishes future perfect continuous tense from ordinary
future continuous tense where the time of continuity of action is generally not
specified .It is also called future perfect progressive.
“Since” of “for” are used
in the sentence to show the time of action.
Example:
He will have been exercising
for two days.
Dania will have been
swinging since 2 o’clock.
Formula and structure
of future perfect continuous:
Here is the formula that you can use to structure a sentence in
the future perfect continuous tense.
|
Subject + Helping verbs (will + have
+ been) + Present participle form of the main verb + the rest
of the sentence. |
Affirmative:
Subject + will +
have + been + present participle of the main verb + the
rest of the sentence.
E.g. In November, I will have
been living in France for 5 years.
Negative:
Subject + will +
not + have +been + present participle of the main verb +
the rest of the sentence
E.g. The nurse will not have been
nursing in that hospital since 2009.
Interrogative:
Will
+ subject + have + been + present
participle of the main verb + the rest of the sentence
E.g. Will they have been digging
since morning?
Negative Interrogative:
Will + subject + not + have + been + present participle of the
main verb the rest of the sentence
(or)
Won’t + subject + have + been + present participle of the main
verb + the rest of the sentence
E.g. Won’t
they have been searching for jobs since Thursday?
or
Will they not have been searching for
jobs since Thursday?
Large Interrogative:
What, where, why,
whom………..will+ have+ been + V1st form + ing + rest of the sentence.
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